How Did Bill Hickok Really Die
Trying to separate fact from fiction in the life of the legendary Calamity Jane is about as difficult as trying to prospect for gold on the Staked Plains or trying to walk straight when drunk as a skunk. All James D. McLaird wanted to do was determine how Calamity had become famous, but he ended up tackling the myths and distortions that hover around her image like a dust cloud. The years of research might have taken more than a decade off the author’s own life, but his dedication and/or obsession has provided us with Calamity Jane: The Woman and the Legend (University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 2005, $29.95), a 355-page biography that filters through more than 100 years of legend-making and gets to the heart of the notorious woman whose real name was Martha Canary (1856- 1903).
- For instance, Calamity was never an Army scout or the lover of Wild Bill Hickok, but she was a mother who loved her children and often did women’s work while dressed in women’s clothing. “Sadly,” he writes in his introduction, “after romantic adventures are removed, her story is mostly an account of uneventful daily life interrupted.
- Wild Bill Hickok, byname of James Butler Hickok, (born May 27, 1837, Homer now Troy Grove, Illinois, U.S.—died August 2, 1876, Deadwood, Dakota Territory now in South Dakota, U.S.), American frontiersman, army scout, and lawman who helped bring order to the frontier West.His reputation as a gunfighter gave rise to legends and tales about his life.
On August 2, 1876, McCall walked into Nuttal & Mann’s Saloon #10 and point blank shot Wild Bill Hickok in the back of the head while Hickok was playing a hand of poker. McCall claimed he killed Wild Bill to avenge his brother’s death. At the time of the killing, Deadwood had no law so a group of miners held a trial in the McDaniel’s Theatre.
McLaird, who recently retired after teaching history at Dakota Wesleyan University for 37 years, has plenty of facts to present but far more misinformation (much of it provided by Calamity herself in an 1896 biography and elsewhere) to correct. For instance, Calamity was never an Army scout or the lover of Wild Bill Hickok, but she was a mother who loved her children and often did women’s work while dressed in women’s clothing. “Sadly,” he writes in his introduction, “after romantic adventures are removed, her story is mostly an account of uneventful daily life interrupted by drinking binges.” McLaird, whose historical writing has focused on South Dakota and the Black Hills, recently took time to answer some questions for Wild West Magazine:
Wild West: Martha Canary’s “leap into adulthood” came early, didn’t it?
McLaird: Martha’s leap into adulthood probably came about primarily after she was orphaned between 10 and 12 years of age. Even before that, there is some question how much parenting her mother and father provided, making Martha, the eldest child, at times a surrogate parent. This undoubtedly had some impact on her. It is doubtful Martha ever really took care of her siblings after her parents died; those that survived were evidently adopted by other families. There is a question, of course, whether Martha ever made a real leap into adulthood. Although she learned to take care of herself in a rough environment, for the rest of her life she frequently exhibited juvenile behavior, such as riding into town and shooting her guns in the air and bragging about imagined exploits.
WW: There are differing accounts of the Canary family’s passage west from Missouri.
McLaird: Robert and Charlotte Canary, Martha’s parents, both died in the West when their children were very young, and they evidently left no records of their trip. Later generations had to rely on the memories of the surviving Canary children, all of whom made the trip west when they were less than 8 years old (some much less!). In their accounts, they sometimes embellished the record; for example, in one account their parents are killed in an Indian attack and young Martha daringly rides to a fort in the region to get help. This is simply a tall tale. At other times, the family changed the story, perhaps unknowingly, to make it more respectable. Thus, Robert becomes a minister going west because he is interested in the Mormon religion rather than going west to seek his fortune in the Montana gold fields. These kinds of distortions are not unusual in family accounts.
WW: Martha spent time in jail for theft and drunkenness. Why wasn’t she arrested and jailed when she borrowed a buggy for a local trip and then proceeded to take it all the way from Cheyenne to Fort Laramie without returning it?
McLaird: Sometimes it seems surprising that Martha didn’t spend more time in jail. In 1876 she was arrested and jailed for stealing clothes from other women, but was released after being found not guilty. She then rented a buggy and took it all the way to Fort Laramie without returning it. The officials who came to get the buggy could not arrest her because she was out of their jurisdiction. As is the case today, because most of Martha’s “crimes” were petty, she was usually given warnings not to misbehave again and/or told to move on to a different location. Some cases concerning property were settled out of court. Most of her time in jail involved overnight stays for drunkenness and small fines.
WW: Calamity and others have written about her being close to Wild Bill Hickok, but your research reveals otherwise.
McLaird: Actually, many other writers have shown that accounts of a romantic relationship between Calamity and Wild Bill are largely invented—see Joseph Rosa’s biography of Wild Bill, for example. However, despite the accounts of these researchers, many popular writers and the movies continue to repeat old tales. Interestingly, even Calamity only claimed in Life and Adventures of Calamity Jane, By Herself that she and Wild Bill were friends. My research simply added further evidence supporting these conclusions. Tales of an intimate relationship between Calamity and Wild Bill will continue to appear, however, despite the evidence. The two did ride into Deadwood in the same party and definitely were acquainted. Both were dime novel celebrities, and it was easy to associate them together. And their nearby graves in the Deadwood cemetery continue to cause tourists and writers to assume there must have been a close relationship between them in life as well as death. It is hardly surprising that imaginative writers claim there was an intimacy that most of those who knew them well failed to see.
WW: Did Calamity really have a gift for nursing people back to health despite her rough edges?
McLaird: As is true of most stories about Calamity, legend must be separated from fact before answering this question. Shortly after her death, one of her pallbearers recalled she had helped a victim of smallpox in early Deadwood. By the 1920s, that victim was stretched to hundreds of victims in accounts by some Black Hills pioneers, despite the fact that no Deadwood or area newspapers mention such a widespread epidemic. Martha did help care for sick and injured people, and was respected for her efforts. However, many other women in similar circumstances did the same, and, of course, “respectable” women did so as well. There is no doubt that her nursing activities have been as exaggerated as her relationship to Wild Bill has been.
WW: Martha’s legendary drinking led to much of her extravagant behavior, correct?
McLaird: First, it must be noted that Martha was an alcoholic, and despite repeated efforts to end her dependence on liquor, she failed; her friends, sadly, supported her drinking habits rather than helping her. Many of the stories about her related to her boisterous behavior during her drinking sprees, and many are accurate. Her dress and behavior often seemed extravagant, especially for that era. She daringly dressed as a soldier and accompanied soldiers on campaigns, though as a camp follower and companion of one of the men rather than as a scout. She purportedly rode into town with cowboys, shooting recklessly in the air or at signs and windows. Like others, she required unsuspecting individuals who entered saloons to buy a round of drinks, sometimes by taking something of value from them and agreeing to return the item only after they footed the bill. She is remembered for these actions not only because it wasn’t typical for women to do this but also because, thanks to dime novels, she was a celebrity. These obscure other aspects of her life that were more typical, such as her working as a waitress or laundress. By the way, in her daily life she usually wore a dress, not a buckskin outfit.
WW: Were Martha’s exploits with the Army highly exaggerated?
McLaird: Martha claimed she served as a scout with commanders such as George Crook and George Custer. There is no evidence she ever served in this capacity with any military outfit, and those men who did serve were almost unanimous that she did not. She did, however, accompany the Jenney expedition into the Black Hills in 1875, and was with Crook’s army in 1876. Members of those parties clearly indicated she was a prostitute or a camp follower, not a scout. It was Martha’s claim that she scouted for Crook that led a Black Hills writer in 1877 to publish a fanciful account of her career, which in turn led to a dime novelist’s featuring her in his new “Deadwood Dick” series. Thus, her stories about serving as a scout led directly to her becoming a national celebrity, even though they had no foundation in fact.
WW: When Martha died, it seemed to have opened the flood gates of further outlandish tales, including some from Buffalo Bill Cody.
McLaird: Her death led not only to outlandish tales being both repeated and invented but also to rigorous attacks on her behavior. Editors took sides and fought bitterly over her reputation. Cody, who was in England at the time, was of course asked about her. He told the press that Martha never had been employed by the government as a scout, but sometimes joined the troops as a “mascot.” He also accurately mentioned, “Whenever she could get hold of any whisky she was pretty sure to paint the town red.” But Cody also seemed willing to add to her legend. She fought Indians well, but her “best work,” he said, was helping law officers capture criminals. Unfortunately for Cody’s story, there is no evidence that she ever engaged in this activity.
WW: What other important myth needed to be refuted?
McLaird: Perhaps most important is the evidence proving that the claim by Jean McCormick in 1941 that she was the daughter of Calamity and Wild Bill is false. McCormick tried to prove her story by producing a diary and letters purportedly written by Calamity Jane. These documents suggest that Calamity traveled with Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show to England, that she met Jesse James after his alleged death (he sang at his own funeral, the diary says), and so forth. The evidence is overwhelming that the diary and letters were, in fact, written by McCormick. Indeed, it is fairly certain that Martha never learned to read and write at all. Nevertheless, many writers and movie producers have found McCormick’s documents more interesting than Calamity’s own life story, which is far different from that found in the so-called diary.
WW: Are there other points you found to be significant?
McLaird: There is, of course, the story of the actual woman named Martha Canary that is obscured by the legendary tales about her. She really did have a daughter (not Jean McCormick, however); she really was at one time legally married. Her husband beat her on several occasions; she had him jailed at least three times for abuse, yet returned to him afterward. Another point of interest to me is how much inaccurate information circulates about her concerning basic biographical information. For example, census reports show she was born in 1856, not 1852, which means she died at age 47. Such information was available earlier to anyone willing to seriously research her life.
Originally published in the February 2006 issue of Wild West. To subscribe, click here.
On August 2, 1876, Wild Bill Hickok was playing poker in Deadwood, South Dakota. Suddenly, a pistol fired. Hickok died instantly. His hand at the time, “aces and eights,” has become known as the Dead Man’s Hand. But is that a legend? Or is it real?
Wild Bill Hickok
James Butler Hickok was originally known as “Duck Bill,” apparently due to a large nose and an upper lip that jutted out from his face. Eventually, he grew a mustache and in 1861, adopted the moniker, Wild Bill.
His exploits in the Old West were legendary. He was a skilled scout and an expert marksman. He fought and killed a bear with his bare hands, suffering severe injuries in the process. He killed Davis Tutt in the first known “quick draw duel.” He acted in a play called Scouts of the Plains with Buffalo Bill Cody and Texas Jack Omohundro. Calamity Jane, the famous American frontierswoman, claimed to have married him.
In July 1876, Wild Bill Hickok and Calamity Jane arrived in Deadwood, South Dakota via wagon train. Some say he had a premonition of sorts regarding his impending death.
“Well, as to that, I suppose I am called a red-handed murderer, which I deny. That I have killed men I admit, but never unless in absolute self-defense or in the performance of an official duty. I never in my life took any mean advantage of an enemy. Yet, understand, I never allowed a man to get the drop on me. But perhaps I may yet die with my boots on.” ~ Wild Bill Hickok to Mrs. Annie Tallent, Several months before his death, Pioneer Days in the Back Hills, John S. McClintock
On August 2, 1876, Wild Bill Hickok entered Nuttal & Mann’s Saloon No. 10. He usually sat with his back to the wall. However, the only available stool required him to put his back to the door. He sat down and started to play five-card-draw. But he was uncomfortable with the arrangement and twice, asked another player named Charles Rich to switch stools with him. Rich refused.
Dead Man’s Hand
During the game, a former buffalo hunter named John McCall strode into the saloon. He parked himself a few feet away from Hickok and drew his pistol. “Take that!” he shouted as he fired it. The bullet careened through Hickok’s skull and Wild Bill died instantly.
According to popular legend, Hickok held two black aces and two black eights at the time of his death. The fifth card, or kicker, is a source of mystery. Some claim it was the queen of clubs. Others say it was the nine of diamonds, the jack of diamonds, the five of diamonds, or the queen of hearts. Still others say no fifth card ever existed, suggesting Hickok was in the middle of drawing a new card when he was murdered.
But what about the “aces and eights” part? Is that accurate? Well, no contemporary sources exist that indicate what cards Hickok was holding at the time of his death. “Aces and eights” was provided by Frank J. Wilstach in his 1926 book, Wild Bill Hickok: The Prince of Pistoleers. Wilstach quoted “Doc” Peirce, the town barber, who was asked to serve as an “impromptu undertaker.”
“Now, in regard to the position of Bill’s body, when they unlocked the door for me to get his body, he was lying on his side, with his knees drawn up just as he slid off his stool. We had no chairs in those days — and his fingers were still crimped from holding his poker hand. Charlie Rich, who sat beside him, said he never saw a muscle move. Bill’s hand read ‘aces and eights’ — two pair, and since that day aces and eights have been known as ‘the dead man’s hand’ in the Western country.” ~ Ellis T. “Doc” Peirce, Wild Bill Hickok: The Prince of Pistoleers
This account was published 50 years after Hickok’s death. It has yet to be collaborated by any outside source.
Guerrilla Explorer’s Take
If Peirce was right, then aces and eights was known as the dead man’s hand in “the Western country.” However, newspapers from that location and period tell a different story. The first known mention of a Dead Man’s Hand, a July 1, 1886 article in the Grand Forks Daily Herald, not only disagrees with the Hand itself but also its origin.
“I was present at a game in a Senator’s house one night and saw him win $6,000 on one hand. It was the dead man’s hand. What is the dead man’s hand? Why, it is three jacks and a pair of tens. It is called the dead man’s hand because about forty seven years ago, in a town in Illinois, a celebrated judge bet his house and lot on three jacks and a pair of tens…When his opponent showed up he had three queens and a pair of tens. Upon seeing the queens the judge fell back dead, clutching the jacks and tens in his hand, and that’s why a jack-full on tens is called the dead man’s hand.” ~ Grand Forks Daily Herald, July 1, 1886
Was Bill Hickok Real
Later accounts show different versions, including jacks and eights, tens and treys (threes), and jacks and sevens. Regardless, none of these articles connect the Dead Man’s Hand to Wild Bill Hickok.
At this point, the definitive origin of the Dead Man’s Hand remains an unsolved mystery. If the Wild Bill Hickok story could be proved by contemporary sources, it would be the oldest known version of the legend. For those of you in the New York area, consider taking a trip down to the New York Public Library. That’s where Wilstach’s papers are located. Perhaps there’s some additional information in “Doc” Peirce’s letter. Or maybe, just maybe, there’s some other evidence waiting to be found. If you find anything, let us know and we’ll cover your discovery right here on Guerrilla Explorer. Who knows? You just might solve one of history’s most puzzling unsolved mysteries!
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- 1/9/12: The Largest Mass Execution in American History?
- 3/30/12: Who Killed off all the Buffalo?
- 5/26/12: The Lost Treasure of General Custer?
- 7/12/12: What is the Dead Man’s Hand?
- 12/3/14: Custer’s Blood Treasure (America Unearthed)
- 12/9/14: Does the Lost Custer Treasure Really Exist?